A Rectifier is a component that uses diodes to direct all current down a specific path. There are different modes of rectification that will result in slightly different waveforms, but all of them take an alternating input current and output one that is direct. The wave will still be in the signal, but instead of varying from +140 to 0 to -140 and back, the signal will vary from +140 to 0 to +140 to 0, with all current flowing in the same direction. (the actual values may vary, this is just an example).

A transformer is a component that changes the voltage scale of a signal; it may convert from 5v to 10v, or from 110 to 12, etc. An amplifier is a component that amplifies (increases the magnitude of) a signal. A reflector is actually a part of an antenna, not a specific electrical component.

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Relays are used extensively in vehicles; whenever you flip a switch that causes something to happen it will most likely control a relay. A relay allows a fairly low power energy source to drive an electromagnet that closes a switch designed to handle a much higher energy source; for example, a relay may only need 100mA to drive a relay that can handle 10A. This is just an example, of course; actual values will vary.

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A Meter (in this case) is a device that measures something and displays the results on some form of numeric scale. A Signal Strength Meter is the type mentioned here, but other common types of meters include voltmeters, ohmmeters, ammeters, and thermometers.

A Potentiometer is a variable resistor, a transistor is an electrical gate that controls the flow of current along a path, and a relay is an electrically controlled switch. All three of the distractors are electrical components that affect the flow of electrons in a circuit. If you get this one wrong you should take a few minutes to review your basic electrical theory; you probably won't get it wrong more than once, however.

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A regulator, more commonly referred to as a Voltage Regulator, regulates the voltage down to a particular point. The amount of current and what voltage the regulator targets depends on the type of regulator and sometimes depends on other components in the circuit.

The distractors don't regulate things:

oscillator - generates an electrical signal

filter - does signals processing, removing and/or enhancing frequency components in a signal

phase inverter - splits a signal to produce two outputs: one which is identical to the input, and one which is a mirror image (phase-inverted or flipped phase)

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A "Transformer" is made up of two inductive coils wound around a ferrite core. The "Primary" coil is connected to the voltage source and the "Secondary" coil is connected to the circuit you are powering. The ratio of the number of turns on the primary coil to the secondary coil determines what the output voltage is.

For example, a 20 : 5 transformer fed 120V AC will produce a voltage of 30V AC on the secondary coil.

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LED is an acronym for Light Emitting Diode. As the name suggests, this is a Diode (which only allows current in one direction) which produces light, making it a good choice for a visual indicator.

LEDs tend to have much lower power consumption than traditional "incandescent" or "fluorescent" bulbs used in your house.

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A "tuned circuit" is a common name for a resonant circuit made using an inductor (L) and a capacitor (C). This type of circuit is also known as an LC circuit. The use of the "L" is in honor of the Russian physicist Emil ("Heinrich") Khristianovich Lenz, who discovered Lenz's Law concerning the behavior of an induced current in a circuit.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuit

"C, I Tuned it." Capacitor + Inductor = Tuned Circuit.

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An integrated circuit, also known as an IC, is basically a microchip. These microchips have various components inside them, which means they contain one or more circuits inside, all integrated into a single package. A commonly known example of a complex integrated circuits would be the CPU of a computer, but these days just about any circuit board you look at will have "chips" on it, and those chips are all integrated circuits.

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Resonance occurs when the effects of capacitance and inductance in a circuit are the same (and opposite), for a given frequency. The only answer that mentions a capacitor and inductor is the right answer.

You always have to have capacitance and inductance to have resonance. So the answers about voltage regulation, SWR and high fidelity audio are wrong.

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A layer of metal enveloping a wire functions as a Faraday cage, which prevents (or at least attenuates) the radio frequency energy being radiated to or from the wire. Thus, shielded wire minimizes distortion of not only its own signal conduction, but also that of any adjacent wire, as well.

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