SAFETY
Safety: RF radiation hazards; hazardous materials; grounding
What is the primary function of an external earth connection or ground rod?
There are some benefits to any common ground for all of the provided options, but the key here is that it is specifically an "external earth connection or ground rod" -- in other words, this ground is actually going into the ground outside, not just into a common terminal which has been dubbed "ground" or into the house "ground".
The main reason to do that is that in the case of a lightning strike the current will take the path of least resistance to get to earth ground and you want that path to be both as short as possible and to get there much more easily than it can get to your equipment.
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When evaluating RF exposure levels from your station at a neighbor's home, what must you do?
The two sets of exposure limits are controlled and uncontrolled. If you don't have the ability to restrict access to the area of exposure, then you must use the uncontrolled exposure limits.
In this case, you can't control where your neighbor is nor prevent him/her from being in an area of exposure, hence, you must use the uncontrolled MPE (Maximum Permissible Exposure) limits.
Hint: Don't be fooled by answers with Emission in them. Exposure is the word used in this question.
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Over what range of frequencies are the FCC human body RF exposure limits most restrictive?
FCC human body RF exposure limits are most restrictive for those frequencies where the human body may present a resonant wavelength. This is where the maximum absorption might occur.
The average height of a human male is 5' 9" or 1.75 meters. For females this is 5' 4" or 1.6 meters. This corresponds to a full wavelength of 171 to 188 MHz and a half wavelength of 85 to 94 MHz. These frequencies fall in the VHF range of 30-300MHz.
Silly Hint: 0uch to 0uch 0uch. The answer with one zero to 2 zeros.
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When evaluating a site with multiple transmitters operating at the same time, the operators and licensees of which transmitters are responsible for mitigating over-exposure situations?
This is an FCC rule designed to avoid arguments. In essence, any station that provides a significant portion of the transmitted power is responsible to ensure exposure limits are met.
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What is one of the potential hazards of operating in the amateur radio microwave bands?
In the microwave range, the wavelengths are fairly small. This allows easy, inexpensive construction of high-gain antennas. The small size of the antenna can be deceptive relative to the high field strength it can generate. Caution must be used to protect people when using these antennas.
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Why are there separate electric (E) and magnetic (H) field MPE limits?
All of these are correct and should be accounted for when considering Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) limits.
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How may dangerous levels of carbon monoxide from an emergency generator be detected?
Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It's a little lighter than air and will rise filling a space from the top down. The only way to detect the gas is with a carbon monoxide detector. The gas is also called carbonous oxide and has one atom of carbon and one atom of oxygen.
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What does SAR measure?
SAR, in this case, stands for Specific Absorption Rate. This is the rate at which the human body absorbs energy from an electromagnetic field. The SAR is affected by both frequency and body part.
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Which insulating material commonly used as a thermal conductor for some types of electronic devices is extremely toxic if broken or crushed and the particles are accidentally inhaled?
Beryllium Oxide (BeO) is listed as a serious respiratory irritant and probable carcinogenic. Why is it used? Because while most electrical insulators are poor thermal conductors, BeO is good at both. Because it is both a good electrical insulator and a good thermal conductor, it is used in semiconductors and in some vacuum tubes. If either of these types of devices are damaged, be aware of any white dust, as it may be BeO, which is a white ceramic material. Avoid skin contact or inhalation. You can also determine if BeO is used by consulting the manufacturers data sheet. Further information is available on the MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) for BeO, several of which may be found using an internet search.
Test Hint: BO can be very toxic
Silly Hint: Nobody wants to inhale BO (smell body odor).
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What toxic material may be present in some electronic components such as high voltage capacitors and transformers?
You may recognize these as PCB's because they were commonly used and attracted a considerable amount of bad press. PCB's had the advantage of improving the stability and insulating qualities of transformer oil. Unfortunately, they were also shown to be carcinogenic and were subsequently removed from future use. This is mostly a problem in older, large transformers and capacitors.
Exam hint: PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyls) and PCB (Printed circuit board) are both present in electronics.
Cheat: Bi phenyls may be present.
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Which of the following injuries can result from using high-power UHF or microwave transmitters?
Basically a high power UHF or microwave transmitter is doing the same thing as what a microwave oven would do; the frequency may be different, but higher UHF and microwave RF radiation can cause localized heating, just like a microwave would if you ran it with the door open and stuck your arm in.
The specific area that would be heated and the severity of the damage would depend on the frequency and the radiation pattern of the antenna, but you should always be cautious whenever using a high power UHF or microwave signal.
Hint: think about microwave oven which also works in UHF band.
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