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Subelement G0

ELECTRICAL AND RF SAFETY

Section G0B

Safety in the ham shack: electrical shock and treatment, safety grounding, fusing, interlocks, wiring, antenna and tower safety

Which wire or wires in a four-conductor line cord should be attached to fuses or circuit breakers in a device operated from a 240-VAC single-phase source?

  • Correct Answer
    Only the hot wires
  • Only the neutral wire
  • Only the ground wire
  • All wires

Only fuse the HOT wires! Installing fuses on the other lines will not let excess or shorted voltage run to ground. Excess voltage would then remain in your equipment as a shock hazard.

Fusing HOT wires keeps the system COOL, fusing COOL wires keeps the system HOT! OUCH!

The answer of "Only the two wires carrying voltage" is written incorrectly. The answer choices should read:

A. Only the ungrounded conductors (the "hot" wires) B. Only the grounded conductor (the neutral wire) C. Only the grounding conductor D. All of the wires

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What is the minimum wire size that may be safely used for a circuit that draws up to 20 amperes of continuous current?

  • AWG number 20
  • AWG number 16
  • Correct Answer
    AWG number 12
  • AWG number 8

Use at least AWG number 12 wire as the minimum size for a 20-amp circuit, as this wire is rated to safely handle greater than 20 amperes of maximum current load.

Silly hint: The two most common shotgun sizes are "12" and "20" gauge.

For more on AWG wire here's a link to Wikipedia: Tables of AWG wire sizes

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Which size of fuse or circuit breaker would be appropriate to use with a circuit that uses AWG number 14 wiring?

  • 100 amperes
  • 60 amperes
  • 30 amperes
  • Correct Answer
    15 amperes

Using a 15A fuse or circuit breaker with a circuit using AWG #14 wiring will protect the wire from exceeding its maximum allowable current.

Silly hint: of the options, the number 15 is the closest to the number 14 in the question.

For more on AWG wire and maximum ampacity (current) here's a link to Wikipedia: Table of AWG wire sizes

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Which of the following is a primary reason for not placing a gasoline-fueled generator inside an occupied area?

  • Correct Answer
    Danger of carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Danger of engine over torque
  • Lack of oxygen for adequate combustion
  • Lack of nitrogen for adequate combustion

Gasoline-fueled generators should NEVER be placed in an enclosed or occupied area because the exhaust fumes emitted, especially carbon monoxide, can poison or KILL you. Take care to make sure that such equipment is well ventilated and away from any vents which may carry fumes into occupied areas.

To Remember: Would you like to sit right behind the exhaust pipe of a smoke belching diesel truck? NO!!

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Which of the following conditions will cause a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) to disconnect the 120 or 240 Volt AC line power to a device?

  • Current flowing from one or more of the hot wires to the neutral wire
  • Correct Answer
    Current flowing from one or more of the hot wires directly to ground
  • Over-voltage on the hot wire
  • All of these choices are correct

A GFCI outlet measures the power coming in and then returning to your panel as it completes the circuit. It was designed to detect any difference of more than 4 or 5 milliamps and to react quickly (less than one-tenth of a second) to shut down any circuit out of this small range. Shorts will also cause this but the primary function is to measure what is going out versus what is coming back (hot/neutral).

The word "ground" is in both the question and the answer.

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Why must the metal enclosure of every item of station equipment be grounded?

  • It prevents blowing of fuses in case of an internal short circuit
  • It prevents signal overload
  • It ensures that the neutral wire is grounded
  • Correct Answer
    It ensures that hazardous voltages cannot appear on the chassis

It is good practice when setting up your station to make sure that you have grounded any equipment with a metal chassis. Excess voltage can be caught in the metal housing if there is a short within the equipment or wiring. Proper grounding ensures that you will not have a SHOCKING experience when you touch your equipment due to hazardous voltages on the chassis.

Hint: A "metal enclosure" houses the "chassis".

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Which of the following should be observed for safety when climbing on a tower using a safety belt or harness?

  • Never lean back and rely on the belt alone to support your weight
  • Correct Answer
    Always attach the belt safety hook to the belt D-ring with the hook opening away from the tower
  • Ensure that all heavy tools are securely fastened to the belt D-ring
  • Make sure that your belt is grounded at all times

(B). The answer they are looking for is (B) to always attach the belt safely hook to the belt D-ring with the hook opening away from the tower. This is so that if you lean against the tower you will not unhook yourself!. I certainly wouldn't recommend leaning back and counting on the belt alone either and I'd make quite sure that tools were secure (though not through the belt D-ring -- LOOK OUT BELOW!). The biggest concern, which is addressed by answer (B) is making sure that you are safely hooked to that tower to avoid falls!

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What should be done by any person preparing to climb a tower that supports electrically powered devices?

  • Notify the electric company that a person will be working on the tower
  • Correct Answer
    Make sure all circuits that supply power to the tower are locked out and tagged
  • Unground the base of the tower
  • All of these choices are correct

Tower climbing is always risky and even more so when power is involved.

Disconnecting the ground/ungrounding would add risk because it removes a path for energy to dissipate. That rules out "All" as well.

The electric company would only be involved if they had equipment on the tower, which is not likely if you're the one climbing it.

In every case you must make absolutely sure that all circuits that supply power to the tower are totally DISCONNECTED, LOCKED OUT and TAGGED OUT (LOTO). This is so that someone below who does not know that you are on the tower will see the tagged circuits and know to NOT reconnect the power.

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Why should soldered joints not be used with the wires that connect the base of a tower to a system of ground rods?

  • The resistance of solder is too high
  • Solder flux will prevent a low conductivity connection
  • Solder has too high a dielectric constant to provide adequate lightning protection
  • Correct Answer
    A soldered joint will likely be destroyed by the heat of a lightning strike

Solder melts at such a low temperature compared to the incredible heat produced by a lightning strike that soldered joints would melt instantly and be destroyed. In situations where lightning strikes are more likely (like an antenna tower) ground clamps are the way to go.

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Which of the following is a danger from lead-tin solder?

  • Correct Answer
    Lead can contaminate food if hands are not washed carefully after handling
  • High voltages can cause lead-tin solder to disintegrate suddenly
  • Tin in the solder can cold flow causing shorts in the circuit
  • RF energy can convert the lead into a poisonous gas

Lead can contaminate food if hands are not washed carefully after handling the solder.

Lead is known to be a toxic substance, and so contact with skin and especially foods should be avoided. Wear gloves when possible and make sure to wash your hands thoroughly after using solder, especially before eating.

It is also good practice to never eat at your work bench – you don't know what chemicals or hazards you might pick up with your sandwich!

Tin whiskers only in lead free solder

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Which of the following is good engineering practice for lightning protection grounds?

  • They must be bonded to all buried water and gas lines
  • Bends in ground wires must be made as close as possible to a right angle
  • Lightning grounds must be connected to all ungrounded wiring
  • Correct Answer
    They must be bonded together with all other grounds

It’s important to bond all of your grounds lines together (shack and house, etc.) so that in case of a lightning strike current cannot jump from one ground to another causing destructive surges.

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What is the purpose of a transmitter power supply interlock?

  • To prevent unauthorized access to a transmitter
  • To guarantee that you cannot accidentally transmit out of band
  • Correct Answer
    To ensure that dangerous voltages are removed if the cabinet is opened
  • To shut off the transmitter if too much current is drawn

Interlock circuits are intended to provide safety by preventing you from coming into contact with components of your equipment which may have dangerous voltages.

The interlocks ensure that dangerous voltages are removed if you open the equipment cabinet.

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What must you do when powering your house from an emergency generator?

  • Correct Answer
    Disconnect the incoming utility power feed
  • Insure that the generator is not grounded
  • Insure that all lightning grounds are disconnected
  • All of these choices are correct

If you don't disconnect the incoming utility power feed, power from your generator could flow back into the utility lines. This is called backfeeding, which is usually illegal and can be dangerous to both equipment (which often assumes that power flows only in one direction) and people (for example, if they're working to restore power to a neighborhood and encounter high voltage on a utility line).

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Which of the following is covered by the National Electrical Code?

  • Acceptable bandwidth limits
  • Acceptable modulation limits
  • Correct Answer
    Electrical safety inside the ham shack
  • RF exposure limits of the human body

The NEC or National Electrical Code sets the US standard for wiring and electrical equipment installations (including electrical safety inside the ham shack). The NEC publishes code books and references with guidelines for safe electrical installations and practices.

See also Wikipedia: National Electrical Code

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Which of the following is true of an emergency generator installation?

  • Correct Answer
    The generator should be located in a well ventilated area
  • The generator should be insulated from ground
  • Fuel should be stored near the generator for rapid refueling in case of an emergency
  • All of these choices are correct

Emergency generators, especially those fueled by gasoline or diesel, must always be located in well ventilated areas. Inside a garage, basement or other occupied location are NOT good places for such equipment as harmful exhausts, especially carbon monoxide can poison or KILL you.

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When might a lead acid storage battery give off explosive hydrogen gas?

  • When stored for long periods of time
  • When being discharged
  • Correct Answer
    When being charged
  • When not placed on a level surface

(C). Charging your lead-acid battery can cause it to give off exploseive hydrogen gas. Make sure not to overcharge the unit and work in a well ventilated area. Never try to recharge a NON-rechargeable battery.

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