The numbers on the outer ring are degrees of a compass. The numbers in the center are in dB of gain. Negative dB of gain are shown on the chart. Positive dB gain are not shown.
Looking at the \(-3 \text{ dB}\) ring (the second largest circle), find the two points where the radiation pattern crosses the ring. The negative point is about \(25^{\circ}\) and the positive is about \(25^{\circ}\); therefore, the beam width is the sum of \(25^{\circ}\) and \(25^{\circ}\) which equals \(50^{\circ}\). - K4AGO
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Front-to-back ratio is the ratio of power gain between the front and rear lobes of a directional antenna. See Wikipedia.
In this case, the main lobe has \(0 \text{ dB}\) gain and the rear lobe has \(-18 \text{ dB}\) gain. (The rear lobe gain is midway between the \(-12 \text{ dB}\) and \(-24 \text{ dB}\) circles.) Therefore the difference between them is \(18 \text{ dB}\).
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This is simply a case of taking the difference between the value of the peak front radiation and the peak side radiation. The front is 0dB and the side is less than -12 and more than -24, much nearer the -12 value. So, the front-to-side ratio is greater than 0 - -12dB or 12dB but only a little greater so given the answers shows 14dB looks more likely than 18dB.
A Silly HINT: All distractors are multiples of 6 (12, 18, 24) except for the correct answer, 14
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Antenna design parameters are often interrelated. For example, if you increase forward gain, you reduce the beam width.
A high front-to-back ratio is desirable to reduce signal coming out the back of the antenna.
Intuitively, as you increase the forward gain, you also increase the F/B. But only to a point---it turns out that as you maximize forward gain, the F/B actually decreases.
And vice versa. You have to compromise a bit on one, in order to maximize the other.
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The boom on a Yagi antenna is the crossbar that supports the elements (the one that is the length of the antenna). The longer the boom the more gain tha antenna has, assuming that the elements are all properly tuned.
For more information, see wikipedia
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Total radiation emitted includes all directions. The directional antenna radiates more in a given direction than the isotropic antenna, but when all directions are included they both radiate the same amount.
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First, let's understand why some answers are wrong (the sequence of answers varies by user so referencing the answers by letter is useless):
Ground conductivity - suppose you are modeling a half-wave dipole in free-space, i.e., where no ground is even present: since ground conductivity is not always relevant to antenna modeling, this answer is non-sensical.
Harmonic energy - each model computation is performed at a single frequency and assumes linearity. Since harmonics arise from nonlinearities, this answer is non-sensical.
Mechanical stability - An antenna model that measures wire segment lengths in fractions of a wavelength is inherently an electrical model, not a mechanical model. Therefore, this answer is non-sensical.
Now, let's focus on why feed point impedance is the best answer:
The accuracy of the computed feed point impedance is highly dependent on the accuracy of the computed current at the feed point. Using wire segments that are electrically too long (i.e., too few wire segments per wavelength) will not accurately model the true current, and therefore impedance, at the feed point.
Hint: In this question, you may want to pick the "incorrect" answer (the only question that ends in "incorrect")
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As the RF energy leaves the antenna, it generally expands into the full beam. However, this expansion only continues for a specific distance. At a certain distance from the antenna, the beam pattern no longer changes but remains relatively constant. This distance is referred to as the far field distance.
The far field radiation pattern is typically what we are most concerned with in radio communication as practically every receiving antenna is going to be in the far field under real conditions.
Hint: Antenna patterns usually have a perverbial shape, only answer with 'shape'
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The Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC) is a popular antenna modeling software package for wire and surface antennas. It is credited to Gerald J. Burke and Andrew J. Poggio, and was originally written in FORTRAN in the 1970s. The code was made publicly available for general use and has subsequently been distributed for many computer platforms from mainframes to PCs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Electromagnetics_Code
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